Up- and Down- Conversion Nanoparticles

Up- and down-conversion nanoparticles are inorganic nanocrystals capable of converting near-infrared radiation to emission with large Stokes and/or anti-stokes shift.
The upconversion photoluminescence mechanism includes the sequential absorption of several excitation photons through the long lifetime and ladder-like energy levels of trivalent lanthanide ions (ytterbium, erbium or thulium) embedded in an inorganic host matrix.
The most efficient host matrix of UCNPs is NaYF4 codoped with Yb3+, as a sensitizer, and Er3+ or Tm3+, as an activator.
The luminescence of Lanthanide-doped nanoparticles is very stable without photobleaching and photoblinking issues.

The overwhelming majority of the conversion nanoparticles prominent applications have originated from their unique luminescent properties.
Today inorganic up- and down-conversion nanoparticles attract the interest in numerous fields, such as biomedical imaging, therapy agents, anti-counterfeit labels, 3D printing, information technology, solar cells, et al.

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